Twenty
years ago, Nigeria finished above Great Britain at
the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. The
most surprising achievement was Nigeria's gold in football. Medals ·
Rank: 32, Gold 2, Silver 1, Bronze 3, Total 6. TEAM GB was ranked 36th in the
medal table, with just one gold, at the Atlanta Olympics
in 1996.
In Brazil, at the 2016 Rio Olympics, Great Britain finished 2nd with a total of 67 medals out of which 27 was gold while Nigeria finished 78th with one bronze medal.
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Gold medallist Britain’s Andy Murray poses on the podium of the men’s singles gold medal tennis event at the Olympic Tennis Centre of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro on August 14, 2016. / AFP PHOTO / Luis Acosta |
A nation showing
others how to plan for Olympic Games
It has been an Olympic fiesta like never before
for Britain: their best medal haul in 108 years, second in the medal table, the
only host nation to go on to win more medals at the next Olympics.
Never before has a Briton won a diving gold.
Never before has a Briton won a gymnastics gold. There have been champions
across 15 different sports, a spread no other country can get close to
touching.
It enabled Liz Nicholl, chief executive of UK
Sport, the body responsible for distributing funds from national government to
Olympic sports, to declare on the final day of competition in Rio that Britain
was now a “sporting superpower”.
Only 20 years ago, GB were languishing 36th in
the Atlanta Olympics medal table, their entire team securing only a single gold
between them. This is the story of a remarkable transformation.
As that nadir was being reached back in 1996, the
most pivotal change of all had already taken place.
The advent of the National Lottery in 1994, and
the decision of John Major’s struggling government to allocate significant
streams of its revenue to elite Olympic sport, set in motion a funding spree unprecedented
in British sport.
From just £5m per year before Atlanta, UK Sport’s
spending leapt to £54m by Sydney 2000, where Britain won 28 medals to leap to
10th on the medal table. By the time of London 2012 – third in the medal table,
65 medals – that had climbed to £264m. Between 2013 and 2017, almost £350m in
public funds will have been lavished on Olympic and Paralympic sports.
It has reinvigorated some sports and altered
others beyond recognition.
Gymnastics, given nothing at all before Atlanta,
received £5.9m for Sydney and £14.6m in the current cycle. In Rio, Max Whitlock
won two gymnastics golds; his team-mates delivered another silver and three
bronzes.
As a talented teenage swimmer, Adam Peaty relied
on fundraising events laid on by family and friends to pay for his travel and
training costs. That changed in 2012, when he was awarded a grant of £15,000
and his coach placed on an elite coaching programme. In Rio he became the first
British male to win a swimming gold in 28 years.
There are ethical and economic debates raised by
this maximum sum game. Team GB’s 67 medals won here in Brazil cost an average
of £4,096,500 each in lottery and exchequer funding over the past four years.
As determined by the Sport Industry Research
Centre
At a time of austerity, that is profligate to
some. To others, the average cost of this Olympic programme to each Briton – a
reported £1.09 per year – represents extraordinary financial and emotional
value. Joe Joyce’s super-heavyweight silver medal on Sunday was the 700th
Olympic and Paralympic medal won by his nation since lottery funding came on
tap.
“The funding is worth its weight in gold,” says
Nicholl.
“It enables us to strategically plan for the next
Games even before this one has started and makes sure we don’t lose any time.
We can maintain the momentum of success for every athlete with medal potential
through to the next Games.”
The idea of marginal gains has gone from novelty
to cliche over the past three Olympic cycles, but three examples from Rio
underline how essential to British success it remains.
In the build-up to these Olympics, a PhD student
at the English Institute of Sport named Luke Gupta examined the sleep quality
of more than 400 elite GB athletes, looking at the duration of their average
sleep, issues around deprivation and then individual athletes’ perception of
their sleep quality.
His findings resulted in an upgrading of the
‘sleep environment’ in the Team GB boxing training base in Sheffield – 37
single beds replaced by 33 double and four extra-long singles; sheets, duvets
and pillows switched to breathable, quick drying fabrics; materials selected to
create a hypo-allergenic barrier to allergens in each bedroom.
“On average, the boxers are sleeping for 24
minutes longer each night,” says former Olympic bronze medallist and now
consultant coach Richie Woodhall.
“When you add it up over the course of a cycle it
could be as much as 29 or 30 days’ extra sleep. That can be the difference
between winning a medal or going out in the first round.”
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Members of the British Olympic Team take photographs with their medals after they arrive back from the Rio 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil, at Heathrow airport in London on August 23, 2016. Twenty years after a stinging Olympic failure, Britain has risen from the ashes to become a sporting “superpower”. Rival nations have been left confounded by Team GB’s cool performance with 27 golds out of 67 won in Rio which gave them second place in the medals table behind the United States. Justin TALLIS / AFP |
In track cycling, GB physio Phil Burt and team
doctor Richard Freeman realised saddle sores were keeping some female riders
out of training.
Their response? To bring together a panel of
experts – friction specialist, reconstructive surgeons, a consultant in vulval
health – to advise on the waxing and shaving of pubic hair. In the six months
before Rio not a single rider complained of saddle sores.
Then there is the lateral thinking of Danny
Kerry, performance director to the Great Britain women’s hockey team that won
gold in such spectacular fashion on Friday.
“Everyone puts a lot of time into the
physiological effects of hockey, but what we’ve done in this Olympic cycle is
put our players in an extremely fatigued state, and then ask them to think very
hard at the same time,” Kerry told BBC Sport.
“We call that Thinking Thursday – forcing them to
consistently make excellent decisions under that fatigue. We’ve done that every
Thursday for a year.”
Britain won that gold on a penalty shootout,
standing firm as their Dutch opponents, clear favourites for gold, missed every
one of their four attempts.
That hockey team featured Helen and Kate
Richardson-Walsh, in their fifth Olympic cycle, mentoring 21-year-old Lily
Owsley, who scored the first goal in the final. A squad that won bronze in
London were ready to go two better in Brazil.
“We’ve retained eight players who had medals
around their necks already,” says Kerry. “We added another eight who have no
fear.
“It gave us a great combination of those who know
what it’s all about, and those who have no concept at all of what it’s all
about, and have just gone out and played in ruthless fashion.
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Great Britain’s 16-year Amy Tinkler during the women’s team gymnastics final in Rio |
“We get carried away with some of the hard
science around sport, but there’s so much value in how you use characters and
how you bring those qualities and traits to the fore. You see that on the
pitch. Leverage on the human beings as much as the science.”
In the velodrome, experience and expertise is
being recycled with each successive Games.
Paul Manning was part of the team pursuit quartet
that won bronze in Sydney, silver in Athens and gold in Beijing. As his riding
career came towards the end, he was one of the first to graduate through the
Elite Coaching Apprenticeship Programme, a two-year scheme that offered an
accelerated route into high-performance coaching for athletes already in
British Cycling’s system.
In Rio he coached the women’s pursuit team to
their second gold in two Olympics, his young charge Laura Trott also winning
omnium gold for the second Games in a row.
Then there is Heiko Salzwedel, head of the men’s
endurance squad, back for his third spell with British Cycling having worked
under the visionary Peter Keen from 2000 to 2002 and then Sir Dave Brailsford
between 2008 and 2010.
Expertise developed, expertise retained. A
culture where winning is expected, not just hoped for.
“We have got the talent in this country and we
know that we can recruit and keep the very best coaches, sports scientists and
sports medics,” says Nicholl.
“It is now a system that provides the very best
support for that talent.”
Funding has not flowed to all British sports
equally, because in some there is a greater chance of success than others.
On Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, Britain’s rowers
dominated the regatta, winning three gold medals and two silvers.
With 43 athletes they also had the biggest team
of any nation there. Forty-nine of the nations there qualified teams of fewer
than 10 athletes. Thirty-two had a team of just one or two rowers.
Only nine other nations won gold. In comparison,
204 nations were represented in track and field competition at Rio’s Estadio
Olimpico, and 47 nations won medals.
British efforts in the velodrome, where for the
third Olympics on the bounce they ruled the boards, were fuelled by a budget
over the four years from London of £30.2m, up even from the £26m they received
in funding up to 2012.
In comparison, the US track cycling team – which
won team pursuit silver behind Britain’s women, and saw Sarah Hammer once again
push Trott hard for omnium gold, has only one full-time staff member, director
Andy Sparks.
Then there is the decline of other nations who
once battled with Britain for the upper reaches of the medal table, and
frequently sat far higher.
In 2012, Russia finished fourth with 22 golds.
They were third in 2008 and third again in 2004.
This summer, despite escaping a total ban on
their athletes in the wake of the World Anti-Doping Agency’s McLaren Report,
they finished with 19 golds for fourth, permitted to enter only one track and
field athlete, Darya Klishina.
Australia, Britain’s traditional great rivals?
Eighth in 2012, sixth in Beijing, fourth in Athens, 10th here in Brazil.
As Team GB have risen, others have fallen back.
In Rio, 129 different British athletes have won
an Olympic medal.
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Gold medallist Britain’s Mo Farah celebrates near the podium for the Men’s 5000m during the athletics event at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games at the Olympic Stadium in Rio de Janeiro on August 20, 2016. PHOTO: Eric FEFERBERG / AFP |
It is a remarkable depth and breadth of talent –
a Games where 58-year-old Nick Skelton won a gold and 16-year-old gymnast Amy
Tinkler grabbed a bronze, a fortnight where Jason Kenny won his sixth gold at
the age of 28 and Mo Farah won his ninth successive global track title.
The abilities of those men and women has been
backed up by similar aptitude in coaching and support.
In swimming there is Rebecca Adlington’s former
mentor, Bill Furniss, who has taken a programme that won just one silver and
two bronzes in London and, with a no-compromise strategy, taken them to their
best haul at an Olympics since 1908.
In cycling, there has been the key hire of New
Zealand sprint specialist Justin Grace, the coach behind Francois Pervis’ domination
at the World Championships, a critical influence on Kenny, Callum Skinner,
Becky James and Katy Marchant.
“We have got the talent in this country, and we
know we can recruit and keep the very best coaches, sports scientists and
sports medics,” says Nicholl.
“It is a system that provides the very best
support for that talent. We do a lot in terms of people development. We are
conscious when people are recruited to key positions as coaches they are not
necessarily the finished article in their broader skills.
“We provide support so that coaches across sports can network and learn from each other. That improves their knowledge expertise and the support systems they’ve got.”
It is an intimidating thought for Britain’s competitors. After two decades of consistent improvement, Rio may not even represent the peak.
Originally published in BBC Sport